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According to statistics cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases which lead to death. It is a severe oncological disease accompanied by severe sensations of pain and suffering of patient. At times, only people suffering from cancer and their relatives are able to realize severity of disease. Now medicine has not yet found remedy which will cure patients of cancer. Scientists work out methods and remedies for treatment of disease or for prolongation of people’s life but it is not always successfully. More often proved medications are used such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Tumor is not easy to treat especially when it is neglected. Sometimes it is not noticeable at first and this is bad for treatment. However if tumor is found out at the initial stages, a lot of successful measures can be taken in order to prevent development of disease and cure a patient of cancer. Chemotherapy has a lot of side effects and therefore the modern medicine prefers alternative – medications.
Special medications are intended for treatment of cancer. There are different types of disease and tumor may occur at any place which may play a positive role. Tumor can be easily removed in any parts of body except brain or lungs. That is why drugs for treatment of cancer have a very strong action and destroy cells of tumor. These drugs reduce speed of tumor development and this helps to prolong time and find out the most effective and successful methods for treatment of cancer.
Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignant properties of cancers differentiate them from benign tumors, which are self-limited, and do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not. The branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is oncology.
Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but the risk for most varieties increases with age. Cancer causes about 13% of all human deaths. According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6 million people died from cancer in the world during 2007. Cancers can affect all animals.
Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. The heritability of cancers is usually affected by complex interactions between carcinogens and the host's genome. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly recognized as important.
Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are typically activated in cancer cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse tissue environments. Tumor suppressor genes are then inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.
Diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.
Roughly, cancer symptoms can be divided into three groups:
Every symptom in the above list can be caused by a variety of conditions (a list of which is referred to as the differential diagnosis). Cancer may be a common or uncommon cause of each item.
